Printable Chemistry Quiz - Lab Safety Quiz

You can take this printable chemistry quiz online or print it out to try later. This multiple choice test covers basic lab safety concepts. You may wish to review lab safety before you get started. You should pipette by mouth:(a) Always. Its a fast and efficient method of measuring liquids.(b) Only when you cant find a pipette bulb or think it might be dirty.(c) Only when you are sure your instructor, lab assistant, or co-worker isnt looking.(d) Never. And if you thought about answering yes to any other the other choices, should be expelled.When you are finished using a Bunsen burner you should:(a) Leave it on for the next person to use. Its the only considerate choice.(b) Cover the burner with an inverted beaker to suffocate the flame. It works well for candles, too.(c) Pull off the hose connecting the burner to the gas. The burner wont have gas, so it wont be on fire.(d) Turn off the gas. Duh!If you feel dizzy or sick while working near the fume hood you should:(a) Head out to grab a cola or a snack. Maybe its low blood sugar. Dont tell anyone - why bother them.(b) Meh, no big deal. Do nothing. Fume hoods always protect you from harmful chemicals. The sooner you get finished the sooner you can leave.(c) Report your symptoms to whoever is responsible for that fume hood. It might be nothing, but on the other hand, maybe the hood wasnt functioning properly and you were exposed to something. Look up the MSDS for whatever was in the hood, too. Leave the lab, after contacting the proper person.If you catch on fire you should:(a) Panic. Yelling FIRE at the top of your lungs to let others know about the danger is good. Be sure to run as quickly as possible to blow out the flame.(b) Water fixes everything. Head for the nearest safety shower and drown the flame.(c) Pull the fire alarm and look for help. Hope the fire doesnt burn you too badly before you can take some form of action.(d) Smother the flame. Those blankets in the lab are there for a reason. Some fire doesnt really care about water, but all flames need oxygen. Get help, too. You werent working alone in the lab though, right?Your glassware is clean enough to eat off of, which is why you poured yourself a refreshing glass of water into a beaker to quench your thirst. Too bad you didnt label it. You should:(a) Go on with your business. Are you saying there is some safety issue here? I scoff at you!(b) Just be really careful about keeping it separate from other beakers filled with clear liquid.Hydrochloric acid.. water.. there is a difference, but I can smell the acid before I drink it.(c) Label it before you forget which beaker it is. Youre sure there are no residual chemicals in the glassware and positive nothing could accidentally splash into your drink.(d) Look back to an earlier answer about how you should be slapped for stupidity. Food and drinks dont belong in the lab. Period.You really want to impress a certain person in your lab. You should:(a) Be sure to wear contacts, not glasses, and just be really careful about chemical fumes. Got long hair? Dont tie it back, flaunt it. Nice legs? Wear something short, with sandals to show off those toes. Also, impress him or her by doi ng something daring in the lab. Choose something involving fire.(b) Ditch the lab coat and goggles. Dress to impress. Theres no way the person can tell your fashion sense when you cover it with safety gear.(c) Hey.. lab coats are cool! Only ditch the goggles.(d) Impress him or her with how incredibly competent you are in the lab. That includes your ability to follow safe lab procedures.You are really curious about chemistry and chemical reactions. You wonder what would happen if you mixed chemicals in a different way or introduced something new into a procedure. You should:(a) Stomp that curiosity down. Chemists do what they are told. Nothing more, nothing less.(b) Run with it. Mix and match chemicals to your hearts desire. Whats the worst that could happen? Explosion? You laugh. Toxic fumes? As if.(c) Get the Nobel prize for your brilliance. But first.. lets try things and see how they work. But as for the scientific method and making predictions? Thats for sissies.(d) Be applauded for your curiosity, imagination, and quest for innovation, but be very, very careful about altering procedures. If its a lab experiment for a grade, dont deviate from the procedure. Otherwise, make a prediction about what could happen based on your observations. Research possible reactions and consequences before playing mix-and-match in the lab.There is a container on the lab bench containing some unknown chemical. You should:(a) Dump it, wash the glassware. Some people are slobs.(b) Move it out of the way in case it is dangerous. Otherwise, not your problem.(c) Leave it. The rightful owner will claim it eventually.(d) Find your lab supervisor and ask what to do. If you are the lab supervisor, remove the container (noting its location), hunt down the offender, and try to get some idea what could be in the beaker so you know how to dispose of it.If you break a mercury thermometer, or otherwise spill mercury, you should:(a) Leave it for others to find. Accidents happen. Its pretty o bvious it was mercury. No big deal.(b) Grab some paper towels, clean it up, and throw it away. Problem solved.(c) Clean it up, being sure to throw away the mercury-contaminated items where heavy metals go. Dont bother anyone about the spill though. What they dont know cant hurt them.(d) Leave it alone, but call your instructor or lab assistant over immediately to deal with the spill. Youre alone? Call whoever is responsible for lab accidents. Only clean up the spill if you have been trained to deal with mercury. Dont pretend like it didnt happen.You see someone in your lab engaged in an unsafe lab practice. You should:(a) Point and laugh. They will clue in and change their behavior from the humiliation.(b) Point and laugh and tell the person what an idiot he or she is being, and why the lab practice is unsafe.(c) Ignore them. Not your problem.(d) Nicely, politely point out the possible danger and how to avoid it. Youre non-confrontational? Find someone with more courage who can tact fully correct the problem. (Okay, maybe if its pipetting by mouth or thwacking the cap on an ether bottle with a screwdriver the second answer is worth considering.) Answers:1 d, 2 d, 3 c, 4 d, 5 d, 6 d, 7 d, 8 d, 9 d, 10 d This quiz is available in an online format that is scored automatically. Lab Safety Quiz Key Takeaways Know the location and proper operation of safety equipment.Follow proper procedures in the lab.If you see something, say something. Dont ignore safety issues.If an accident occurs, immediately report it.

political science state centered and power centered

Man in nature is a social being. He cannot exist alone and can certainly not be self-sufficient. He is born and dwells in society where he associates with fellow humans. Man’s interaction with others in society eventually manifests his selfishness and quarrelsome nature. The human being is complex. Therefore as men live and interact in society, there arises the need for rules and accepted form of behavior. The regulation and execution of these rules are what bring about order in society. The regulators and enforcers of these rules and laws are what constitute what is called government. According to Heywood (2007) the government is created by individuals and for individuals (population), it exists to serve their needs and interests. This†¦show more content†¦In other words it is a study of state affairs. A state is a compulsory political organization with a centralized government that maintains a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a certain geographical ter ritory. Other traditional thinkers such as Paul Janet and Jelineck also defined political science is a study of state affairs only. This means that man, the government and their relationship are studied. This is political science state centered. The authority and influence over society is held in the state alone as an independent entity. The focus of study is on the state and the state or state affairs only. State-centered stresses the role of the government on society. Its focus is that the state itself can maintain political life to some extent independently of the way power is allocated between society classes. It should also be made clear that the government is their or exists in order to organize society thereby satisfying the needs of man or society or the population.. This is because the societies or man’s wants and needs are unlimited. Therefore a government has to exist to satisfy them. Some of the duties that government performs in order to satisfy the needs of soci ety are: To provide law and order. It is the duty of the state to make that the society is ruled under law and that order is maintained. Rules and laws are what promote order even in society where the desires and aspirations of the people are not theShow MoreRelatedState centered and power centered political science; A breif explainantion.1655 Words   |  7 Pageswriting this essay is to compare and contrast politics which are state centered and politics with are power centered. What is politics? According to Johari (2008) on this important question the view of the Liberals and those of the Marxists are poles apart. While the former take the study of politics as a study of state government and power, that is an instrument of coercion, the latter take politics as a study of power (political, economical and ideological) alone. It is quite difficult to get anRead MoreEssay on Department of Homeland Security1561 Words   |  7 PagesThe Establishment of the Department of Homeland Security as E stablished by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 An Analysis and Report Zachary Stackhouse Political Science 101: Introduction October 24, 2011 Introduction On September 11th, 2001, The United States of America and the rest of the world stared and watched as the first and then second tower of the World Trade Center in New York came under attack by terrorists. At 8:46 am, American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North TowerRead MoreShould Creation be Barred from Science Classrooms?1335 Words   |  5 Pages Bar Creation from Science Classrooms For decades, the debate of religion in public schools has run rampant through the American people, and it has swept the nation info a vicious battle between opposing political and moral ideals. 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Class ical and dramatic types of theater merelyRead MoreCarl Roger s First Career Choice891 Words   |  4 PagesRochester and wrote The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child (1939), based on his experience in working with troubled children. He was strongly influenced in constructing his client-centered approach by the post-Freudian psychotherapeutic practice of Otto Rank. In 1940 Rogers became professor of clinical psychology at Ohio State University, where he wrote his second book, Counseling and Psychotherapy (1942). Rogers suggested that the client, by establishing a relationship with an understanding, acceptingRead MoreThe Progression Of Feudalism During Medieval Europe1882 Words   |  8 Pagesdevelopments within the areas of agriculture, technology, social, and political that enabled the classes of feudalism to erode and create new systems of government centered on a monarch. New economic ideas were important in enabling the expansion of trade and wealth to the kingdoms that wo uld be vital to the establishment of a new era of time called the Renaissance. Feudalism was a model of government during medieval Europe, it centered on a military hierarchy. At the top was the lord, who would offerRead MoreModernism Vs. Modernist Modernism1185 Words   |  5 Pagesvery much about modernism or literary modernism. I soon discovered that modernist literature is greatly rooted in the philosophical movement of modernism that took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This was a movement that centered on the heightened awareness of the self. The atrocities and shock factors of World War I greatly contributed to the development of modernist thought. There began a significant focus on the self-conscious. For example, the stream of consciousnessRead MoreFederalism Is A System Of Government1699 Words   |  7 Pagesin order to vest it with requisite powers.† (Federalist No.2). According to dictionary,com, it defines the word federalism as â€Å"a political concept describing the practice whereby a group of members are bound by agreement or covenant. The word federalism comes from the Latin word foedus, which means covenant. Federalism refers to a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally shared between a central governing authority and constituent political units. Federalism is a system basedRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental Forces On Yumyum Cola1020 Words   |  5 PagesCola’s Ability to Serve Its Customers Introduction This paper is aimed at identifying and highlighting the effects of environmental factors that affect YumYum Cola ability to serve its customer. This research will be focused towards the changes in political and cultural environment that can cause YumYum Cola to change its marketing strategies to hit the maximum targeted customers. The relationship between organization and environmental forces is a very important subject, which has been discussed inRead MoreModernism Vs. Modernist Modernism1335 Words   |  6 Pagesvery much about modernism or literary modernism. I soon discovered that modernist literature is greatly rooted in the philosophical movement of modernism that took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This was a movement that centered on the heightened awareness of the self. The atrocities and shock factors of World War I greatly contributed to the development of modernist thought. There began a significant focus on the self-conscious. For example, the stream of consciousness

Poetic Style Personism Essay Example For Students

Poetic Style: Personism Essay A Manifesto, OHara introduces a new style of poetic writing called pepperonis. The style defers from that of a traditional structured format. Auroras Personal Poem serves as an example of pepperonis and Is able to put the techniques described In the manifesto Into context, which Is very helpful In giving us a better overall understanding about the movement. OHara created personnel after a heartbreak when he realized that he could speak with his former lover using the telephone instead of writing poems. He decided to incorporate this direct freedom of expression into his writing. Like poems that intend to have the reader walk away with a certain message, OHara goes for something very different in Personal Poem. Its format is of one 8-line stanza and one 26-line stanza. There is not a single period in the entire poem, making it difficult to read and to follow Auroras train of thought. Taking it a step farther than Just the difficulty in understanding the poem due to its lack of punctua tion, the poem Jumps from one Idea to the next: from dreams about being a construction worker in New York to eating fish and drinking beer. After reading Personal Poem, I began understanding more fully Pepperonis at large. Auroras lack of care for the presentation of clear Ideas to his readers Is apparent from the very beginning of Pepperonis: A Manholes. He states, If someones chasing you down the street with a knife and you just run, you dont turn around and shout, Give it pulp I was a track star for Minimal Prep Here, OHara compares poetry to this extreme situation where impulsiveness and instinct takes priority over structured, planned-out thinking. He also provides a metaphor for the ineffectiveness of poetic obviousness, comparing it to wearing overly tight Jeans to portray a sexual image. The obviousness of intentions negates the original intention rather than implements it. In other words, it causes the poetry to lose its metaphysical aspect. Pepperonis as a breakthrough in poetic Ideological form must be based on the idea that poetry Is an art form rather than a philosophy. It allows for space of Interpretation Instead of forced feeding of Ideas to the reader. He describes the negative effects of this forced feeding In what I believe Is a brilliant line In the manifesto: It does not have to do with personality or intimacy, far from it! But to give you a vague idea, one of its minimal aspects is to address itself to one person (other than the poet himself), thus evoking overtones of love without destroying loves life-giving vulgarity, and sustaining the poets feelings toward the poem while preventing love from distracting him into feeling about the person. By freely Jotting down thoughts on paper, sanctity of poetry is untainted. Here, he uses the example of love as the example for the overarching theme of a poem that should not be forced upon readers. By addressing love, the writer takes away the overtones of love through expression In the poem. This non-blatant expression Is what distinguishes art from philosophy. Love Is not an Image painted In a picture, but is the paint itself used to create the image. OHara, however, is not concerned by this complexity, instead believing that it contributes to artistic value. Pepperonis as a form should be about direct relational connection rather than words on a page. OHara believes that this form will continue to evolve and become more and more beneficial to the realm of poetic expression.

The Butcher Boy free essay sample

Over the years, numerous directors have portrayed childhood in film, and some of them have done so in an extremely affecting and poignant way. Films like Francois Truffuaut’s 400 blows or Ingmar Bergman’s Fanny and Alexander have left their mark on film history, partly because the directors dared to present childhood as a period of great insecurity and unhappiness, and not as the most idyllic period of one’s life. â€Å"The Butcher boy†, a film directed by the irish director Neil Jordan in 1997, is a rather overlooked film, that rarely appears in film critics’ lists of great films. Yet, this film is a masterful portrayal of a disturbed childhood, dominated by great unhappiness and loss. â€Å"The Butcher Boy† is based on irish author Patrick Mc Cabe’s highly-praised and controversial novel of the same name. It tells the story of young Francie Brady, a teenage Irish boy, living in a small town in western Ireland in the 60’s. We will write a custom essay sample on The Butcher Boy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Francie is a free-spirited and wildly imaginative boy with a passion for comic books. Unfortunately, his carefree adolescence is stigmatized by the tragic circumstances of his family life. His father is struggling with alcoholism and his mother is mentally disturbed, and eventually commits suicide. The boy has never been shown any real tenderness because both of his parents were overwhelmed by their own misery. His mother’s suicide is enough to drive the already fragile Francis to his limits. From that point on, the boy slowly descends into madness, as he is filled with feelings of rage and aggressiveness. This aggressiveness is soon directed toward Ms Nugent, a neighbour of the Bradies, who has always been extremely critical of Francie because of his lack of â€Å"proper† manners and his undignified family situation, often referring to the boy and his family as â€Å"pigs†. To Francie she is the embodiment of evil. When his misery reaches unbearable heights, Francie, who at some point is employed in a butcher shop, breaks into Mrs. Nugent’s house and slaughters her. He ends up in a mental institution and is released years later, when he has reached middle age. The feeling of uneasinees which pervades the film is caused not only by its disturbing subject matter, but also by Jordan’s directing technique. The director has always had a knack for blurring the line between reality and imagination. In â€Å"The butcher boy† everything is seen through Francie’s distorted point of view. For example, Mrs Nugent, who is in fact just an overly conservative, gossipy middle-aged woman is presented as an ogre in the film. The director has filmed the actress Fiona Shaw in a very unflattering way, emphasizing her grotesque grimaces and her annoying voice. This way the viewer views her as the appalling woman that Francie sees. Another example of this is the portrayal of Francie’s hallucinations. There are a number of scenes in the film, when Francie, in his imagination, is visited by the Virgin Mary, who comes to advise him or encourage him. These visits are the only source of consolation in his sad life, and appropriately, these specific scenes of the film are filled with light. Despite the main character’s portrayal as a psychotic teenager, Francie earns the viewer’s sympathy, and this is largely due to the performance of the protagonist Eammon Owens. The young actor manages to convey the desperation that underlies Francie’s aggression and his violent outbursts. He portrays Francie as a boy who is unable to cope with life in a rational way, because he has been driven mad by his misfortunes. Another element, which makes the main character likable is his dark sense of humour. Since the story is told in first-person narrative by the older Francie himself, the audience is treated to Francie’s sarcastic observations about the events that unfold. Somehow, this bitter humour makes the film even more poignant. It is obvious, that the director was not interested in making a horror film about a dangerous sociopath, but a potent statement about the effects that lack of love and guidance can have on a young soul. The butcher boy can by no me ans described as a â€Å"pleasant film†, despite its light-hearted moments. It is often violent, disturbing and depressing. But anyone who can look past the element of violence and cruelty, will be rewarded with a deeply affecting story about a boy who, as a character in the film points out â€Å"never really had a chance.†

Young Goodman Brown Analysis Essay Example For Students

Young Goodman Brown Analysis Essay The Downfall of Young Goodman Brown Young GoodmanBrown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a story that is thick withallegory. Young Goodman Brown is a moral story which istold through the perversion of a religious leader. In YoungGoodman Brown, Goodman Brown is a Puritan ministerwho lets his excessive pride in himself interfere with hisrelations with the community after he meets with the devil,and causes him to live the life of an exile in his owncommunity. Young Goodman Brown begins when Faith,Browns wife, asks him not to go on an errand. GoodmanBrown says to his love and (my) Faith that this one night Imust tarry away from thee. When he says his love and hisFaith, he is talking to his wife, but he is also talking to hisfaith to God. He is venturing into the woods to meet withthe Devil, and by doing so, he leaves his unquestionable faithin God with his wife. He resolves that he will cling to herskirts and follow her to Heaven. This is an example of theexcessive pride because he feels that he can sin and meetwith the Devil because of this promise that he made tohimself. There is a tremendous irony to this promise becausewhen Goodman Brown comes back at dawn; he can nolonger look at his wife with the same faith he had before. We will write a custom essay on Young Goodman Brown Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When Goodman Brown finally meets with the Devil, hedeclares that the reason he was late was because Faith keptme back awhile. This statement has a double meaningbecause his wife physically prevented him from being ontime for his meeting with the devil, but his faith to God ipsychologically delayed his meeting with the devil. The Devilhad with him a staff that bore the likeness of a great blacksnake. The staff which looked like a snake is a reference tothe snake in the story of Adam and Eve. The snake ledAdam and Eve to their destruction by leading them to theTree of Knowledge. The Adam and Eve story is similar toGoodman Brown in that they are both seeking unfathomableamounts of knowledge. Once Adam and Eve ate from theTree of Knowledge they were expelled from their paradise. The Devils staff eventually leads Goodman Brown to theDevils ceremony which destroys Goodman Browns faith inhis fellow man, therefore expelling him from his utopia. Goodman Brown almost immediately declares that he kepthis meeting with the Devil and no longer wishes to continueon his errand with the Devil. He says that he comes from arace of honest men and good Christians and that his fatherhad never gone on this errand and nor will he. The Devil isquick to point out however that he was with his father andgrandfather when they were flogging a woman or burning anIndian village, respectively. These acts are ironic in that theywere bad deeds done in the name of good, and it shows thathe does not come from good Christians. When GoodmanBrowns first excuse not to carry on with the errand provesto be unconvincing, he says he cant go because of his wife,Faith. And because of her, he can not carry out the errandany further. At this point the Devil agrees with him and tellshim to turn back to prevent that Faith should come to anyharm like the old woman in front of them on the path. Ironically, Goodman Browns faith is harmed because thewoman on the path is the woman who taught him hiscatechism in youth, and was still his moral and spiritualadviser. The Devil and the woman talk and afterward,Brown continues to walk on with the Devil in the disbelief ofwhat he had just witnessed. Ironically, he blames the womanfor consorting with the Devil but his own pride stops himfrom realizing that his faults are the same as the womans. Brown again decides that he will no longer to continue on hiserrand and rationalizes that just because his teacher was notgoing to heaven, why should he quit my dear Faith, and goafter her. At this, the Devil tosses Goodman Brown his staff(which will lead him out of his Eden) and leaves him. Goodman Brown begins to think to himself about hissituation and his pride in himself begins to build. Heapplauds himself greatly, and thinking with how clear aconscience he should meet his ministerAnd what calmsleep would be hisin the arms of Faith! This is ironicbecause at the end of the story, he can not even look Faithin the eye, let alone sleep in her arms. As Goodman Brownis feeling good about his strength in resisting the Devil, hehears the voices of the minister and Deacon Gookin. Heoverhears their conversation and hears them discuss agoodly young woman to be taken in to communion thatevening at that nights meeting and fears that it may be hisFaith. When Goodman Brown hears this he becomes weakand falls to the ground. He begins to doubt whether therereally was a Heaven above him and this is a key point whenGoodman Browns faith begins to wain. Goodman Brown inpanic declares that With Heaven above, and Faith below, Iwill yet stand firm against the devil! Again, Brown makes aprom ise to keep his faith unto God. Then a black mass ofcloud goes in between Brown and the sky as if to block hisprayer from heaven. Brown then hears what he believed tobe voices that he has before in the community. OnceGoodman Brown begins to doubt whether this is really whathe had heard or not, the sound comes to him again and thistime it is followed by one voice, of a young woman. .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7 , .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7 .postImageUrl , .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7 , .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7:hover , .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7:visited , .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7:active { border:0!important; } .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7:active , .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7 .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8c2d94df1d022f2f7f7a5de41945f5d7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anne Frank EssayGoodman believes this is Faith and he yells out her nameonly to be mimicked by the echoes of the forest, as if hiscalls to Faith were falling on deaf ears. A pink ribbon fliesthrough the air and Goodman grabs it. At this moment, hehas lost all faith in the world and declares that there is nogood on earth. Young Goodman Brown in this scene iseasily manipulated simply by the power of suggestion. Thesuggestion that the woman in question is his Faith, andbecause of this, he easily loses his faith. Goodman Brownthen loses all of his inhibitions and begins to laugh insanely. He takes hold of the staff which causes him to seem to flyalong the forest-path. This image alludes to that of Adamand Eve being led out of the Garden of Eden as is GoodmanBrown being led out of his utopia by the Devils snakelikestaff. Hawthorne at this point remarks about the instinct thatguides mortal man to evil. This is a direct statement from theauthor that he believes that mans natural inclination is to leanto evil than good. Goodman Brown had at this point lost hisfaith in God, therefore there was nothing restraining hisinstincts from moving towards evil because he had been leadout from his utopian image of society. At this point,Goodman Brown goes mad and challenges evil. He feelsthat he will be the downfall of evil and that he is strongenough to overcome it all. This is another demonstration ofBrowns excessive pride and arrogance. He believes that heis better than everyone else in that he alone can destroy evil. Brown then comes upon the ceremony which is setup like aperverted Puritan temple. The altar was a rock in the middleof the congregation and there were four trees surroundingthe congregation with their tops ablaze, like candles. A redlight rose and fell over the congregation which cast a veil ofevil over the congregation over the devil worshippers. Brown starts to take notice of the faces that he sees in theservice and he recognizes them all, but he then realizes thathe does not see Faith and hope came into his heart. This isthe first time that the word hope ever comes into the storyand it is because this is the true turning point for GoodmanBrown. If Faith was not there, as he had hoped, he wouldnot have to live alone in his community of heathens, which hedoes not realize that he is already apart of. Another way thatthe hope could be looked at is that it is all one of theChristian triptych. (Capps 25) The third part of the triptychwhich is never mentioned throughout the story is charity. IfBrown had had charity it would have been the antidotethat would have allowed him to survive without despair theinformed state in which he returned to Salem. (Camps 25)The ceremony then begins with a a cry to Bring forth theconverts! Surprisingly Goodman Brown steps forward. Hehad no power to retreat one step, nor to resist, even inthought. G oodman Brown at this point seems to be in atrance and he loses control of his body as he isunconsciously entering this service of converts to the devil. The leader of the service than addresses the crowd ofconverts in a disturbing manner. He informs them that all themembers of the congregation are the righteous, honest, andincorruptible of the community. The sermon leader theninforms the crowd of their leaders evil deeds such asattempted murder of the spouse and wife, adultery, andobvious blasphemy. After his sermon, the leader informsthem to look upon each other and Goodman Brown findshimself face to face with Faith. The leader begins up againdeclaring that Evil is the nature of mankind and hewelcomes the converts to communion of your race. (Thecommunion of your race statement reflects to the irony ofBrowns earlier statement that he comes from a race ofhonest men and good Christians.) The leader than dips hishand in the rock to draw a liquid from it and to lay the markof baptism upon their foreheads. Brown than snaps outfrom his trance and yells Faith! Faith! Look up to Heavenand resist the wicked one! At this, the ceremony ends and Brown finds himself alone. He does not know whether Faith,his wife, had kept her faith, but he finds himself alone whichleads him to believe that he is also alone in his faith. .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e , .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e .postImageUrl , .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e , .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e:hover , .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e:visited , .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e:active { border:0!important; } .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e:active , .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u544af649162114a8ffe474a36bfb7b6e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Overview Of Industrialized Building Systems Construction EssayThroughout the story, Brown lacks emotion as a normalperson would have had. The closest Brown comes toshowing an emotion is when a hanging twig, that had beenall on fire, besprinkled his cheek with the coldest dew. Thedew on his cheek represents a tear that Brown is unable toproduce because of his lack of emotion. Hawthorne showsthat Brown has no compassion for the weaknesses he seesin others, no remorse for his own sin, and no sorrow for hisloss of faith. (Easterly 339) His lack of remorse andcompassion condemns him to an anguished life that isspiritually and emotionally dissociated. (Easterly 341) Thisscene is an example of how Goodman Brown chose tofollow his head rather than his heart. Had Brown followedhis heart, he may have still lived a good life. If he followedwith his heart, he would have been able to sympathize withthe communitys weaknesses, but instead, he listened to hishead and excommunicated himself from the communitybecause he only thought of them as heathens.. YoungGoodman Brown ends with Brown returning to Salem atearly dawn and looking around like a bewildered man. Hecannot believe that he is in the same place that he just thenight before; because to him, Salem was no longer home. He felt like an outsider in a world of Devil worshippers andbecause his basic means of order, his religious system, isabsent, the society he was familiar with becomesnightmarish. (Shear 545) He comes back to the townprojecting his guilt onto those around him. (Tritt 114)Brown expresses his discomfort with his new surroundingsand his excessive pride when he takes a child away from ablessing given by Goody Cloyse, his former Catechismteacher, as if he were taking the child from the grasp of thefiend himself. His anger towards the community isexemplified when he sees Faith who is overwhelmed withexcitement to see him and he looks sternly and sadly intoher face, and passed on without a greeting. Brown cannoteven stand to look at his wife with whom he was at theconvert service with. He feels that even though he was at theDevils service, he is still better than everyone else becauseof his excessive pride. Brown feels he can push his ownfaults on to others and look down at them rather than look athimself and resolve his own faults with himself. GoodmanBrown was devastated by the discovery that the potentialfor evil resides in everybody. The rest of his life is destroyedbecause of his inability to face this truth and live with it. Thestory, which may have been a dream, and not a real lifeevent, planted the seed of doubt in Browns mind whichconsequently cut him off from his fellow man and leaves himalone and depressed. His life ends alone and miserablebecause he was never able to look at himself and realize thatwhat he believed were everyone elses faults were his aswell. His excessive pride in himself led to his isolation fromthe community. Brown was buried with no hopeful verseupon his tombstone; for his dying hour was gloom. WorksCited Capps, Jack L. Hawthornes Young GoodmanBrown, Explicator, Washington D.C., 1982 Spring, 40:3,25. Easterly, Joan Elizabeth. Lachrymal Imagery inHawthornes Young Goodman Brown, Studies in ShortFiction, Newberry, S.C., 1991 Summer, 28:3, 3 39-43. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodmam Brown, TheStory and Its Writer, 4th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston:Bedford Books of St. Martins Press, 1995, 595-604. Shear, Walter. Cultural Fate and Social Freedom in ThreeAmerican Short Stories, Studies in Short Fiction,Newberry, S.C., 1992 Fall, 29:4, 543-549. Tritt, Michael. Young Goodman Brown and the Psychology ofProjection, Studies in Short Fiction, Newberry, S.C., 1986Winter, 23:1, 113-117. Book Reports

The Incredible Disappearing LinkedIn Profile - Part II

The Incredible Disappearing LinkedIn Profile - Part II In March, I published an article which now turns out to be Part 1  of this series on the disappearing acts LinkedIn has been playing. I covered the Summary section, job descriptions, contact information, the Interests section, e-mail subject lines, saved searches, alumni and other top navigation items, tagging and notes, and LinkedIn group features. Since then, many people have written to me with questions about how to find additional â€Å"lost† features with the new LinkedIn, so I’m publishing Part II! Here are some of the things you might have noticed have changed or gone missing in the new LinkedIn, plus a correction to the first item. 1. Your summary section. Last month I reported that the first 210 characters (including spaces) are visible when you initially view someone’s profile. It turns out there’s a range of characters that might appear, from about 205 to about 230. Everyone’s profile is different, and it’s not exactly clear why. Fewer characters appear on the mobile app than on the desktop app, so make sure you write a great hook in your first 10-15 words! Here’s what my summary looks like on desktop: And here it is on mobile: Test yours and make it look great! And make sure to put a unique selling proposition in your first 10-15 words so you grab attention quickly. 2. Advice for contacting. There used to be an option under your Contact Information section to write a few lines about whom you want to contact/connect with you and why. It no longer exists sorry folks! 3. Creating and viewing secondary language profiles. Several people have written to me to say they can’t figure out how to add a profile in a second language. Don’t worry – the feature is still there! It has just moved. Check out the right-hand column to find the option to â€Å"Create a profile in another language.† Here’s what the screen will look like: And here’s your list of language choices: What HAS disappeared, at least for now, is the ability to view someone’s secondary language profile directly from their primary language profile. As LinkedIn said to me when I asked about this issue, â€Å"The ability to see other members [sic] secondary language profiles has not been fully re-implemented back into the new user interface.† If you happen to know or strongly suspect that someone has a profile in a second language, I encourage you to Google their name with the word â€Å"LinkedIn† – such as â€Å"Juan Ortiz LinkedIn† – to discover all profiles under that name. If they have an uncommon name you will likely find their multiple profiles. If they have a common name, it will be more difficult. You could also write to the person to ask if they can provide the profile URL for their secondary language profile. 4. Saved posts and suggested reading. LinkedIn has talked a big talk about the option to save articles and get suggested reading, but how do you do it? Both of these options are located on the mobile app only. To save articles on your phone, open the article you want to save and click on the ribbon icon in the upper right. Or you may need to click the 3 dots first: The article will automatically save. See the LinkedIn Help article on  saving, retrieving, and deleting articles on Pulse. For feed preferences, click on the gear to the right of your search bar when viewing your profile to reveal an Account tab and a Feed Preferences option under that. Click on the gear to go here: Click on Feed Preferences to get to this screen: Click â€Å"Follow fresh perspectives† and you’ll be able to follow people who post articles on the topics of your choice. 5. â€Å"Trending Storylines.† LinkedIn has been promoting this feature for quite a while, without mentioning that there might not be anything on your desktop or mobile app that actually says â€Å"Trending.† On my desktop app, the section says â€Å"Suggested for you.† Have you seen a screen that says â€Å"Trending†? I’d love to see what that looks like. Please let me know! 6. LinkedIn Groups. I mentioned in my previous article that while LinkedIn Groups are still around, there’s a lot of talk that they might be becoming irrelevant or extinct. What I didn’t cover is how to find them! They are under the catch-all â€Å"Work† tab: 7. Controlling the order of your sections. You can no longer rearrange your major sections like Summary, Experience, Education, Volunteer Experience, etc. So you won’t be able to customize your profile based on which sections are most important in your individual experience. While on the one hand I am sad about this change, I also think it makes things easier for readers who know what to expect to see where. You still have the ability to rearrange positions within your Experience section IF you have more than one current position or two positions that cover the exact same time period. To arrange your positions, hover over the 4-bar icon under the pencil icon and, if you qualify according to the parameters above, you’ll get a plus sign with arrows that you can click on to drag and drop the position you want to move. 8. Profile Strength Meter – and 100% Complete Profiles You’ll be able to see your own strength meter when you’re viewing your own profile, but you can no longer see anyone else’s profile strength. Additionally, there is no longer such thing as a â€Å"100% Complete Profile.† The best you can do is aim for â€Å"All-Star† status, if you’re not already there, by answering the questions LinkedIn presents to you when you log in. Okay, those are the main items that have come up since March. What else did I miss? Please ask any additional questions you may have about the new LinkedIn redesign. I promise to answer them if there are enough to warrant a Part 3!

Online market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Online market - Essay Example It is estimated that $1,900 worth of goods are traded per second worldwide from the eBay platform. eBay auctions are the online version of traditional auctions. The marketplace provides online commerce platforms to buyers and sellers, providing individuals and businesses from around the world the opportunity to interact and trade online. Buying and selling takes place in a variety of ways on eBay. On the auction platform, sellers establish a starting price for a good or service they want to sell. Using the bidding format the interested buyers bid higher prices till the end of the auction after which the seller sells to the highest bidders. Another option available for individuals is the fixed price option called Buy It Now. In this case a fixed price is established by the seller, and the sale is made to the first person who offers to pay the fixed price. The website also offers a Want It Now feature, which allows interested buyers to create a wish list of the things they want to buy, based on which interested sellers can contact them and arrange transactions. Any item can be sold online as long as it is not illegal or does not violate eBay’s Prohibited and Restricted Items policy. eBay generates revenue by charging various fees for its service. The auction service charges the seller per listing and a percentage of the final sale price. E-marketing is the heart of e-business. It involves getting close to customers, adding value to products, expanding distribution channels and increasing sales and offering after sales services (Chaffey & Smith, 2005). According to Ellis and Korper (2001) e-commerce companies just like all others face the challenge of having to define themselves in the global market. Through marketing and branding they need to identify what makes them unique and how this unique selling point can be used to attract customers. Ellis and Korper (2001) explain that the aim of marketing online businesses is to attract customers, get them to

Sustainability Powerpoint Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sustainability Powerpoint Presentation - Essay Example One of the most important factors is that of environmental concern. The company had initially issued policies to handle the environmental aspect but that had suffered from lack of proper implementation owing to the company’s decentralized structure. The second goal has been identified as reinventing and modifying the business models of the company. In order to improvise on the past strategies, the company has decided to set up a market research segment that would make a survey among the customers of HP and yield out aspects which they expect to be present in their products. The company had originally been engaged in many processes which were later figured out to be its drawbacks rather than its advantages. For instance, the company had initially been persistent in selling their products to the consumers which normally prove to be rather expensive for them. In contrast they are attempting to let their products out in lease so that they might extract incomes out of their products while the consumers stay better off as well. In addition, through the process, it can own the product throughout its life which could turn out to be rather profitable. Secondly, in order to move ahead with its plans of high networking, HP must also take care of environmental aspects so that its activities might not bring much impact over the same. In order to make its dream of networking come true, HP is also attempting plans to popularize the concept of electronic media among the poorer sections. In order to win over the confidence of its stakeholders, HP has adopted the strategy of transparency. HP prefers to express its strategies of business model and those adopted to overcome challenges they confront. In addition, they also maintain the expression of their shortcomings such as environmental issues, since such admissions help them in winning over the confidence of their stakeholders (Preston, 2001). One of the

Mutual Advantages For Trade Between Usa And Mexico Research Paper

Mutual Advantages For Trade Between Usa And Mexico - Research Paper Example Goods were sold at high profit by the Americans. The minimum price of a good was 5 cents and 10 cents was considered to be an eighth of a dollar. This shows the devaluation of other currencies in comparison of the US Dollar was prevalent even then. 2 Benefits from Trade in the 18th Century â€Å"The Santa Fe Trail developed into a complex web of international business, social ties, tariffs and laws†.3 The Americans exchanged merchandise, horses and oxen in return for silver bullions from the Mexicans initially. With deepening of friendly relations and growth of trade between the Americans and Mexicans, the variety and volume of trade grew, too. The shrewd Americans identified the need for cotton prints, factory products, latest gun and ammunitions and whiskey of the Mexicans, which they supplied profitably. On their return back home, they purchased wool, buffaloes, hides and horses, mules, gold coins, gold dust and silver from the Mexicans which earned them great revenues, in turn. Thus, what followed was symbiotic relation between the two countries through a series of trade transactions.4 Apart from the material aspect to these transactions, there were other benefits as well. Due to the long period of trade between these two countries relations formed between the white men and the native women of Mexico and many of them married these native women Dr. Eugene Leitensdorfer from Missouri, married a Mexican women named Soledad Abreu, who was the daughter of a former governor of Mexico.. This proved to be advantageous for the Americans as these women worked as labor in their fur and skin trade. They also served as mediators between the Mexican men and their business partners.5 Americans who maintained good... However, after trade relations had lasted for a considerable period of time, the Mexicans began to wonder if the price for this growth was outweighing its benefits. It was evident that the Americans were gaining far more from the trade than the Mexicans. The net result was a transfer of wealth to the west and by the time the Mexicans realized this, it was too late. The indigenous traders had been completely uprooted by the foreigners and the Americans exercised abundant power over the native markets.The congenial trade relations between the two countries have remained unchanged till this century. Mexico is the second largest exporter of US exports and around 11% of its exports are from the US. It is also the third largest trading partner of US forming 10% of US imports and these figures are still rapidly increasing. Around 82% of Mexico's exports go to the US and the trade between them has grown in the last ten years. However, even today the US maintains trade advantages over Mexico as Mexico can never match the US in terms of efficiency and productivity. Thus, the exploitation of Mexico by the US to remains unchanged and the US is the ultimate gainer. It can be concluded that the trade relations between US and Mexico have remained strong from the 18th century along the Santa Fe Trail till present day. The trade between them is highly disproportionate with the US reaping the maximum rewards. This scenario may be altered by the adoption of adequate policy measures by the Mexican government.

An Analysis Of Democracy In The UK

An Analysis Of Democracy In The UK Just how democratic is Britain? I will examine the most important aspects of the British society, from political to cultural. The focus of the essay is to understand whether a democracy actually works in favour over the citizens of the United Kingdom. In order to do this, I will use arguments for and against several elements that contribute to the democracy of a society and produce a plausible conclusion as to whether this is currently exercised in the Great Britain. The essay will be divided into three sections in an effort to make points more simplistic. Those parts are: political, legal, and cultural. Each part will then be broken down into arguments for and against the general question. Questions to consider: What is democracy? Can democracy be defined? What factors make up a democratic society? Is the term for the people, by the people true? Does the first past the post system exploit the wishes of the citizens? How can the idea of democracy damage a country? Should Britain have a written constitution? Is there a real separation of power in the United Kingdom? Should the government enforce laws that prevent religious beliefs in a democracy? Can Britain be described as a democratic society? Detailed Outline Paragraph 1 Introduction Introduction: Democracy is a word commonly used to describe the British political system. Words such as freedom, equality and terms such as people rule are often reiterated as the principle elements that make a society democratic. From the very inception of the word the term democracy in ancient Greek times, the basis has remained unkempt and precise over thousands of years: majority rule. However, over the past five decades, this one very clear view of democracy has been blurred or somewhat misconceived in Britain, leading to a justified war between the people and the state. Topic Sentence: Democracy is a word commonly used to describe the British political system. Thesis statement: Although, it may be perceived that the United Kingdom boasts one of the strongest democracies in the world, there are many factors whether legal, political or cultural that are very undemocratic. Supporting source(s): Copp, Hampton and Roemer, 1993; Inoguchi, Newman and Keane, 1998 Paragraph 2 Introduction of political aspect Topic sentence: The political system currently being exercised in the United Kingdom is one that is often praised and immortalized. Paragraph 3 First argument in favour of political aspects: The general public is responsible for choosing who represents them. Topic sentence: The main basis of democracy is protected in Britain; citizens partake in free and fair elections which allow them to select those who they want to govern them. Supporting source(s): Wheeler, 2009 Paragraph 4 Counter-argument against the first argument: The public selects the House of Commons, not the House of Lords who exercise the same amount of power if not more in Britain. Topic sentence: A concerning factor present in the English political arena is the elitist House of Lords and their selection. Supporting source(s): Cole, 2006; Wheeler, 2009; Paragraph 5 Second argument in favour of political aspects: The first past the poll system of voting allows for free and fair voting. Topic sentence: One of the many democratic aspects the British claim is the first past the post system. Supporting source(s): Lijphart, 2008 Paragraph 6 Counter-argument against second argument in favour of politically democratic aspects of British society: First past the post system is democratic in theory but not in reality. Topic sentence: Even though the first past the post system is seen as representative of the society wishes, there are several discrepancies in this system which would cause an uneven representation of the general public. Supporting source(s): Cole, 2006; Wheeler, 2009 Paragraph 7 Introduction of the legal aspect Topic sentence: Apart the political implications, there are several legal factors that make many question whether these policies are really in place to benefit society. Supporting source(s): To be found Paragraph 8 First argument in favour of legal aspects: Written constitution Topic sentence: The absence of a written constitution from the English Legal System has always been seen as advantageous to the British society. Supporting source(s): Bogdanor, Khaitan and Vogenauer, 2007 Paragraph 9 Counter-argument against first argument in favour of legal aspects: Unwritten constitutions give the state to constantly change anything that could affect the well being of the society. Topic sentence: Even though unwritten constitutions are flexible, it places a tremendous amount of power in the state hands. Supporting source(s): Bogdanor, Khaitan and Vogenauer, 2007, Wheeler, 2009 Paragraph 10 Second argument in favour of the law: Separation of powers Topic sentence: The separation of power is a very important part of the English Legal system, which is said to be very democratic. Supporting source(s): Epstein, 1994 Paragraph 11 Counter-argument against the second argument in favour of the law: Separation of powers is merely a textbook doctrine. Topic sentence: As with many other doctrines in the English Legal System, the separation of powers may work in theory but not in reality. Supporting source(s): Epstein, 1994 Paragraph 12 Introduction of cultural aspect Topic sentence: Perhaps, one of the most important aspects of a democratic society is the cultural aspect which embodies religion to freedom of speech. Paragraph 13 First argument in favour of cultural aspects: Britain embraces all religions Topic sentence: Britain is said to be one of the most multicultural nations in modern Europe embracing several types of races and religions. Supporting source(s): Lijphart, 2005 Paragraph 14 Counter argument against first argument in favour of cultural aspects: There is no separation of the church from the state. Topic sentence: The British society claims to embrace all religions but there is still no separation of the church from the state. Supporting source(s): Cole, 2006 Paragraph 15 Second argument in favour of culture: The state enforces any necessary structures to protect the country. Topic sentence: Another necessity to a democratic society is the protection of its citizens. Supporting source(s): Crossman, 2007 Paragraph 16 Counter-argument against the second argument in favour of culture: The right to protect is not the right to violate Topic sentence: It is imminent that the lives of those inhabiting a country should be aptly protected by the state but privacy invasion is not in any form or fashion democratic. Supporting source(s): Crossman, 2007 Paragraph 17 A discussion examining both sides of whether Britain can be considered a democratic nation. Topic sentence: There is sufficient evidence to show that there are several issues that signify Britains lack of democratic practices. It is also clear that the views and rights of the general public are often ignored. However, due to societys ignorance or lack of interest concerning this, much cannot be done to alleviate the situation. Supporting source(s): Cole, 2006; Copp, Hampton and Roemer, 1993; Inoguchi, Newman Keane, 1998 Paragraph 18 Conclusion Restatement of the thesis statement: In conclusion, even though the United Kingdom prides itself as being one of the most democratic nations in the world, the recent actions of the state and the constant infringement of the citizens rights could lead one to question how democratic the British society really is. Summary of main points of the essay: Political: voting system; Legal: written constitution, separation of powers; Cultural: religion, privacy. Concluding remarks: The United Kingdom may be considered a democracy on paper but in reality several of their policies are undemocratic. Annotated Bibliography Books Reference: Cole, M. (2006) Democracy in Britain. Edinburgh University Press Coles (2006) fifth chapter in his critically acclaimed academic book, Democracy in Britain is aimed at the critique of the British democratic system. Cole is aiming for a reading audience of those interested in politics and possibly international relations and uses up-to-date and relevant information to help prove his arguments. In this chapter, Cole focuses on the negative layers of a system which is regularly praised. He uses the downfalls of the British political system such as the voting system, the House of Lords and pluralism to support his arguments. Although the rest of the book focuses on the positive aspects of British democracy, this chapter encompasses a critical overview of the negative side with the use of evidence to support his arguments. This chapter will be of particular use in my third, sixth, fourteenth and seventeenth paragraphs respectively, to show that the first past the post voting system has failed as a democratic entity, the House of Lords is unjustified an d that the doctrine of pluralism may be a part of theoretical Britain but it is not practiced. Reference: Copp, D., Hampton, J. Roemer, J. E. (1993) The Idea of Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press. Copp, Hampton and Roemers (1993) book is aimed at the political science arena and uses relevant information to cover every area of democracy ranging from its origin to its future. The authors discuss the stability of democracy and answer a number of fundamental questions that needed urgent assessment in the wake of new democratic regimes surfacing in the 21st Century. The book spawns a collection of essays from various prominent contributors in the political, legal and philosophical realms. The authors use several arguments and opinions in an effort to give a balanced critique of democracy. This book and the diverse opinions in it will help in the introduction and conclusion of my essay. Reference: Inoguchi, T., Newman, E. Keane, J. (1998). The Changing Nature of Democracy. New York: United Nations University Press. Inoguchi, Newman and Keanes (1998) introductory article to their book The Changing Nature of Democracy is a credible collection of work edited by the authors. Inoguchi and Keane, both political science professors and Keane, an international relations lecturer, aim their book at political science students. As the name suggests, the book analyzes the changes that democracy has seen in the last 40 years. The book is a collection of essays from renowned political professors who all acknowledged the presence of democracy in every aspect of modern day society. It introduces several definitions of the term democracy then goes onto dissecting into segments ranging from social factors to global forces using a number of democratic nations from around the world to solidify points. This book is critical and informative and shows that democracy is a changing policy and will continue to change according to society. The authors pay special attention to presenting neutral articles and argue both sid es. This book will be used in the introduction and discussion segment of the essay. Reference: Lijphart, A. (2008) Thinking About Democracy. New York: Routledge. Lijpharts (2008) book is a collection of work that is current and sufficient and is particularly aimed at avid political science researchers. Thinking about democracy covers several areas of democracy, tracing the process of its development over the last 40 years. The main theme is European democracy but the author uses India and South Africa to purport some of the points rose. The regular dimensions of democracy are explored such as majoritarian election system and reform. Lijphart, an influential political scientist uses analytical and scholarly writing to argue many fundamental points in his book. This book will be helpful proving that the first post the post system is fair and that the British is actually a pluralist society. Journals Reference: Epstein, L. (1994) Changing perceptions of the British system Political Science Quarterly. Volume 109, No. 3 Special Issue 1994, pp. 483-512. Epstein (1994), a scholar in the political sphere, uses his article published in the Political Science Quarterly to present a report on parliamentary democracy in Britain. The ideas in the article are relevant and logical and give a clear indication of it point to the readers. While the article serves as a comparison between the American and British systems, it implicates several points about constitutional reform, election methods, separation of powers and the House of Lords. Several of the problems facing the British system are compared to the American system. Epstein uses the British democratic system to devise whether the Americans should follow their policies, highlighting benefits and consequences of the British system. Apart from the fact that the article was compiled in 1994, many of the facts are still prevalent in the 21st Century. I will be using this article to support and refute the issue of separation of powers in Britain. Reference: Bogdanor, V., Khaitan, T., Vogenauer, S. (2007). Should Britain have a written constitution? The Political Quarterly, Vol. 78, No. 4, October-December 2007 Bogdanor, Khaitan and Vogenauers (2007) article is aimed at any one having an interest n political science and offers up-to-date information about the topic being argued. The British have always had an unwritten constitution and the government seemed to be thriving under this regime. However, many wonder if recent changes in society can still allow for societies to exist without codified rules that govern their nation. The approach of some is to leave the constitution as it is while some believe it is time to show that Britain has these rules. Comparisons to other nations that have written constitution such as the United States of America are made. Even though the authors may appear bias in their findings, it was a credible and supported article that gave sufficient evidence from both sides. This journal will be used in the legal segment of my essay to argue for and against the constitutional issue in Britain. Websites Reference: Crossman, G. (2007) Overlooked: Surveillance and personal privacy in Modern Britain. [Online] Available at: http://www.liberty-human-rights-org.uk/issues/3-privacy/pdfs/ liberty-privacy-report.pdf [Accessed: 15 Feb 10] Crossmans (2007) report is a credible and informative piece aimed at anyone who in interested in public policies. The author, Gareth Crossman, is an activist who petitions on behalf the Liberty foundation, a website that enables and fights for human rights. The report examines privacy in the United Kingdom and the role the state and the media should play in imposing on the lives of other. Different aspects of privacy are examined in the introductory parts of the essay but Sections three, four and eight are of particular interest to my argument. Findings indicate that the media is more inclined to expose those in the public eye rather than the general public and the state has the right to put initiatives in place to protect the country. At the same time, it is recommended that both the media and government use their powers without invading on the lives of innocent people and find a wave length that clearly shows it is for protection purposes. The report examines the entire privacy arg ument and uses analytical writing to argue both for and against the issue. This report will help to argue the points in the cultural aspect of the essay concerning privacy and show that although the government may consider itself justified in its actions, that this must be done while keeping the reasonable man in mind. Reference: Wheeler, B. (2009) Time for a Westminster revolution? BBC News. [Online] Available at http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/uk_politics/8060896.stm?ad=1 [Accessed: 15 Feb 10] Wheeler (2009), a political reporter for BBC News aims this article at the general public particularly those interested in British politics and uses current and reliable information to argue his views. The article covers the democratic system in Britain and whether it may be in need of some reformation in the near future. It highlights a number of changes that are being sought to replace the old system of democracy. There is an analysis of both sides of the argument, showing those that believe strongly in reformation and those who believe reformation will weaken the system rather than strengthen it. The author uses his expertise and argumentative writing to assess both sides of the argument. Although he made his opinion on the matter clear he avoided the use of biased writing and produced a very critical, coherent text. This article will be useful in the political aspect of the question and will help to support and refute some of my arguments about the voting system in the United Kin gdom.

Homeopathy :: essays research papers

Samuel Hahnemann, a brilliant German medical doctor and chemist, developed the science of homeopathy at the end of the 18th century. He was responding, in part, to his concern that more people were dying from medical treatments than from their diseases. Hahnemann believed that the purpose of medical therapy should be to restore health quickly, gently and permanently in the least harmful manner without toxic side-affects or the suppression of symptoms which would only return. His work and principles have been carried on and developed by many dedicated homeopaths right to the present day. Homeopathy now rests on the firm foundation of Hahnemann's work and some 200 years of well-documented, successful healing experience. Hahnemann's guiding principles still apply today in the practice of classical homeopathy, but his criteria are otherwise rarely met despite all the improvements and advances in so-called modern medicine.The True Classical Homeopathic Approach to CureFundamental to classical homeopathy is the view that we are each a synergistic whole, every part of our wholistic being effecting every other part. It is the combination of all symptoms and how they are experienced by the individual which should be addressed in attempting to cure that person and their disorders. When someone has a health problem, it is the whole person that has the problem. The problem does not exist in isolation from the person. They can't simply put the problem in a box and forget it. Therefore, when attempting to cure that person it is the whole person that should be considered, not simply what is thought to be a disordered part of the person. This is the wholistic approach of classical homeopathy. This is in contrast to the conventional approach to disease which often oversimplifies it as one isolated symptom or group of symptoms, as a problem affecting only one part or aspect of the body and person. The "sloppy approach" to homeopathy is guilty of the same practice. Classical Homeopathy, by contrast, prescribes remedies on a constitutional basis, treating the entire individual, their symptoms and modalities. To arrive at the correctly chosen remedy for a chronic disorder, the detailed case of all aspects of the individual must be taken. The true classical homeopath delves into the broad collection of symptoms and peculiarities of the individual, their entire mental, emotional and physical make-up. This requires an in-depth sense of the patient, a keen sensitivity to them which is able to grasp their gestalt, that totality of the person and the matching remedies which transcends the mere sum of their parts.

Characterization in William Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” and “Macbeth” Essay

William Shakespeare is regarded by many as one, if not the greatest writer of all time. It is interesting to note that his success is due to his tragedies. â€Å"Hamlet† and â€Å"Macbeth† are two of his best known work. Both titles deal with the tragedy of aristocratic people. Though, it appears that Shakespeare is fond of representing only one part of the society, he is actually talking about a very human flaw. Through the characters of his protagonists Hamlet and Macbeth, Shakespeare is suggesting that the real tragedy is found within one’s self. Initially, Shakespeare had characterized Macbeth as a brave warrior. The wounded captain tells the audience that Macbeth was wounded in the battlefield, suggesting that he had fought bravely. But as the plot progresses, the audience discovers that he is less admirable. This is immediately noticeable when Macbeth had met the witches. The witches told them that Macbeth would be the thane of Cawdor. Although, Macbeth says he does not want to think of the prophecy because the thane of Cawdor is still alive, he seems to ponder on the thought, â€Å"the thane of Cawdor lives: why do you dress me in Borrow’d robes?† There is a hint of irony in Macbeth words. It is like he wants to be thane of Cawdor but says he does not. Aside from mere false modesty, the audience would learn that Macbeth harbors within himself some self-doubt. If it was not for Lady Macbeth, Macbeth could have not done anything that he is certain he wants to do. On the other hand, Hamlet seems to be a more flawed character than Macbeth. He is constantly thinking about how to kill Claudius and exact revenge for his father. However, when he got his first chance to kill Claudius, he made a pass on the chance to do so. When Hamlet caught Claudius in prayer, he did not kill Claudius be cause he thought his father’s murderer might go to heaven. Perhaps a helpful quote to use is the famous â€Å"to be or not to be? † That line is a succinct description for Hamlet as he always contradicts himself. Shakespeare’s talent for being able to describe the complexity of the human brain, had made his works classics. Shakespeare seems to be more fond of the flaws of the thought process rather than physical flaws. That is in opposition to earlier works by other authors such as Oedipus Rex, where the protagonist has a deformed foot. Shakespeare’s protagonists are most of the time described as well-to-do. Both Hamlet and Macbeth are even admirable in the initial portions of their respective stories. But Shakespeare reveals that their flaws is on how they think. With Hamlet and Macbeth always contradicting themselves, a tragic conclusion seems inevitable. But their real tragedy is not because one would go insane and the other would be mortally wounded. Hamlet and Macbeth’s tragedy is that they themselves are the antagonists to their respective goals.

edgar allan poe bio Essay Example

edgar allan poe bio Essay Example edgar allan poe bio Paper edgar allan poe bio Paper Essay Topic: The Fall of the House Of Usher Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most celebrated of all American authors. Heavily influenced by the German Romantic Ironists, Poe made his mark in Gothic fiction, especially through the tales of the macabre for which he is now so famous. Although he regarded himself primarily as a poet, he is one of the few indisputably great writers of the short story, alongside Guy de Maupassant and O. Henry. Besides redefining that form as a vehicle for literary art, Poe also contributed to the modern detective genre and wrote highly influential literary criticism. Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809 to David Poe, Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins both of whom died before their son was three. Young Edgar went to live in Richmond, Virginia with John Allan, a wealthy tradesman, while his older brother William Henry and his half-sister Rosalie were sent to other families. The Allans regarded Edgar as a son and financed his private school education, but in Edgars adolescent years, conflict arose between Edgar and his guardians over his literary ambitions. Poe enrolled in the University of Virginia but received very little inancial support from John Allan, and was prevented from returning when Allan refused to help him with his hefty gambling debts. In 1827, Poe enlisted in the U. S. Army and rose in two years to the rank of sergeant major, but he chose to leave the Army with the understanding that he would enroll at West Point. Prior to enlisting, Poe had published a volume of poetry, Tamerlane and Other Poems. After his army time and while a student at West Point, he published a second volume: A1 Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems, which critics favorably received. Physically weaker and older than most of his classmates, Poe felt out of place at the school, and he devoted much of his time to studying the Romantic poets such as Byron, Shelley, Coleridge, and Wordsworth. He played pranks involving bloody ganders posing as decapitated heads, and he was eventually dismissed in 1831. Poe followed up his previous publications with a third collection of poems, Poems by Edgar Allan Poe, while he moved to Baltimore to live with his aunt Maria Clemm and his nine-year-old cousin Virginia. In an attempt to remain afloat financially, he wrote rolifically and in 1832, five of Poes short stories were published in the Philadelphia Saturday Courier. They were exclusively comic, satiric tales. Around this time, Poe discovered opium, soon to become a prominent feature of his life. In 1833, his tale of dread, MS Found in a Bottle, won a $50 prize from the Baltimore Saturday Visitor. His exploration of horror fiction, which was to define Poe among future generations, thus began and so, perhaps not coincidentally, began his lifelong dependency on drugs and alcohol. Returning to Richmond in 1835, Poe began writing for the Southern Literary Messenger. He quickly began to garner a reputation with vitriolic reviews, essays on his most famous reviews was a pan of Theodore S. Fays novel Norman Leslie, with criticism so devastating it helped earn Poe the nickname tomahawk man. Later in the year, as he finally gained a grasp on his finances, Poe married Virginia Clemm (not yet fourteen at the time) and became an editor of the Messenger. In 1837 he resigned from the Messenger, which he had helped transform into one of the countrys leading Journals. The next two and a half years were somewhat aimless, as he moved with his aunt and wife to New York City and Philadelphia while working various freelance Jobs. During this time, he released more poems and short stories, including Ligeia, a story about death and love, which he considered his finest tale. In July 1838, Harpers published his only novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, about the strange adventures of a young man on the South Sea. Despite these publications, however, Poe found that he could not successfully support his family. In 1839, Poe became an associate editor of Burtons Gentlemans Magazine in Philadelphia, for which he wrote The Fall of the House of Usher that year. In 1840, he published a collection of his short stories, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque. Discharged from his Job due to quarrels with William Burton, he served as editor of Grahams Magazine until 1842, where he wrote a number of works, including the groundbreaking story of ratiocination (reasoning), The Murders in the Rue Morgue. Hard times followed and, barely managing to scrounge together carfare for is family, Poe moved to New York in 1844 to work for the New York Mirror. 845 finally saw Poe crowned as a literary sensation in his country, with the publication of his hugely popular poem The Raven. Tragedy, however, was Just around the corner. While gossip surrounded his potentially adulterous relations with Frances Sargent Osgood, Virginias health was rapidly decreasing due to tuberculosis, leading Poe to seek refuge in increase d drinking. Although he briefly held a Job with Godeys Lady Book, he was incapable of maintaining a steady Job and could not afford nough food for his family. Virginia died on January 30, 1847, causing the further deterioration of Poes mental health. Poes violent mood swings became common as drugs and alcohol wore away at his body and mind, although he continued to publish works such as Eureka. He made an attempt at rehabilitation, and he traveled to Richmond in 1849 to court a former friend, Mrs. Shelton. Unfortunately, soon after their engagement, Poe was found in a stupor on a Baltimore street and was taken to a nearby hospital. Four days later, on Sunday, October 7, he died at the age of 40.

5 Great Ways to Solve Problems and Spark Your Creativity

5 Great Ways to Solve Problems and Spark Your Creativity A few weeks ago I was working on the paperback version of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, and I was feeling stuck. Here was my problem: The e-book version contains hundreds of hyperlinks leading to various references, web pages and articles- and a mere click of a mouse makes it easy to go to the linked material. The names of pages are nice and neat, with hyperlinks hidden to the viewer. I had not considered how I would handle this situation in a hard copy of the book! How was I to present all these pages and hyperlinks in print? My book designer had simply made titles of articles blue. But without a link, these would be useless to the reader. The next option, inserting long URLs into the body of the text, would be distracting and messy. I asked my assistant to put her head together with the book designer and figure out something. And I went for a swim. Light Bulb Moment†¦ In the shower after my swim, a light bulb went off: Why not use footnotes for all the URLs in the book? We could then create an appendix with all the links. That way there would not be distracting links in the body of the book, and any readers industrious enough could go to the appendix and explore the â€Å"extras†! I called my assistant as soon as I was dry enough to convey my idea. Problem solved! Perhaps I would have thought of this solution without going for my swim. But it’s not an infrequent occurrence for me to have creative sparks ignite when doing â€Å"mindless† laps in the pool, or shortly thereafter. I’ve come up with some great â€Å"roasts† for family occasions while losing track of what lap I’m on! It’s Not a Random Occurrence! Last summer, I was at a week-long leadership training and a similar thing happened. I knew there was a talent show at the end of the week but I had no idea what, if anything, I would contribute to it. In the middle of the week, I left campus for a day to take care of some business commitments. On the drive home, my creative juices started flowing and a skit to the music of â€Å"Summer Lovin’† from Grease was born. That skit turned into the most talked-about event of the training. These two incidents point to some ideas about what sparks creativity. Not all of us have teams of people to speak and collaborate with to generate new ideas. So we’re left to structure our lives in a way that creativity can arise. There are some simple ways to minimize the chance of getting stuck in a rut. 5 Ways to Solve Problems and Spark Creativity Exercise. Do something to get into your body and out of your default brain! For me, swimming and yoga provide welcome time to let my mind drift and do its magic. For some, it’s walking or running. Find the exercise that works best for you! Travel. If you can, take your business on the road for a week (or even a year!). A change of scenery can have a surprising impact on your thought process. I personally notice my energy waning if I stay in one place for too long, and I am fortunate to be able to carry my business with me. Meditate. Quieting the mind for even 10 minutes a day can produce new thoughts you never expected at random times of the day. This worked for me during the brief time I had a daily meditation practice! Read. I’ll tell you a secret: Many of my blog ideas come from reading Success Magazine – including this one! What’s your focus? Where would you like a spark of creativity? Find something related to that topic of area to read! Do something different. Something as simple as brushing your teeth with your non-dominant hand can interrupt your brain waves and give you new ideas! So can speaking in a different language or driving a new route to work! Do you have other tried and true ways to unstick yourself when you’re stuck, to generate new ideas and get moving on an idea or project? Please share them below- or share how you have used the 5 methods above to create results in your life!

Do present weaning methods contribute to the onset of stereotypical Dissertation

Do present weaning methods contribute to the onset of stereotypical behaviours in horses - Dissertation Example While all animal behaviour is extremely complex in nature, the causes of stereotypic behaviour in horses have been especially elusive. One suggested cause for these behaviours has been the changes and stressors a foal undergoes at the point of weaning the foal from the mother's milk (Waran et al., 2007). There are many stressors that affect a foal surrounding the experience of weaning. It is a logical extrapolation that these stressors may continue to affect the personality and behaviour of a horse into adulthood. Therefore, reducing the presence of these unwanted behaviours could be done by reducing the stress level of the weanling. There are multiple methods of weaning, all with their positive and negative points. Current suggested methods of weaning cover procedures from the very rapid and sudden to the very long-term (Householder, 2003). A clear layout of these methods is necessary to compare them and determine the least stressful option. 1.1 Hypothesis and Study Objectives The p urpose of this study is to determine the least stressful method of horse weaning, in order to ease weaning stress on horse behaviour and so reduce certain unwanted stereotypic behaviours To achieve this purpose, there are four objectives that must be met: 1. Determination of the behaviours of concern 2. Analysis of current weaning methods 3. Determination of factors involved in weaning stress, including the environment 4. Comparison of weaning methods and determination of least stressful Due to the correlation between the start of unwanted stereotypic behaviours and the process of weaning, the initial hypothesis is that these stereotypic behaviours are related to abrupt weaning methods, and that a more gradual method will produce lower levels of this behaviour. 1.2 Study Rationale Caring for and training of horses is made much more difficult if those horses are prone to stereotypic disruptive behaviour. One known cause for unwanted repetitive behaviour in performance horses is chron ically high stress, which affects the horse's overall health and it's temperament (King, 2006). While many stressors in a horse's life are on-going and can be relatively minor, weaning only happens once but may be extremely distressing, depending on the horse and the weaning method (Householder, 2003). However, early and efficient weaning, with the minimum of stress to the mare is important in breeding, as it means that the mare will be able to produce her next foal that much sooner (Stull, 1997). If the stress levels at the time of weaning could be lowered, it would be a large step toward happier and healthier horses. But until we know what method of weaning will cause the least stress and what the long-term effects of available methods on behaviour would be, changing methods may actually be more detrimental, as that would essentially be a shot in the dark as to effectiveness and safety. Therefore, this study proposes to determine that least stressful method of weaning, which could have the end result of lowering the horse's stress levels throughout its life. 2 Effects of Stress on Horses High levels of stress in horses can trigger a series of hormonal and physical effects in the body, known as the â€Å"

Ricksha-Child - Is It Normal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Ricksha-Child - Is It Normal - Essay Example The people sitting on a cart in the picture are physically sound. This also indicates soundness in wealth. There is a difference between the people sitting on cart putting their pressure on a small child who is not physically sound. This indicates a difference in strength between the two. Normally, labor is weak as compared to the rich. Poor people work hard while rich people sit in air-conditioned offices performing executive tasks and ordering others. While, the poor people work day and night in mines, factories, etc and in difficult surviving conditions to earn bread. This leaves bad results on their body. Poor ones cannot really afford to live better lives and proper medication. Poverty pushes them more into health problems and diseases. Healthy food and drinks are far from poor people as they eat anything with which they can survive. Health shows soundness. In this painting, a couple sitting on cart looks financially sound. It seems they have been enjoying healthy food and drink s and can afford whatever they like. On the other hand, the poor child seems physically weak and depressed. He seems to be hardly striving to stand as he is physically weak but carrying a burden of two fat people.Facial Expression: Facial expressions can easily be noticed in the painting. Couple sitting on a cart looks happy and enjoying their lives. They are living lavish lives and can afford all luxuries of lives. They can pay well to remain happy and to acquire all happiness. Their smiles show wealth. It seems they do not regret anything. They look happy. On the other hand, a child carrying their weight seems to be in deep pain and problem. His face illustrates pain, hardships, and difficulties. It seems the poor kid has not been enjoying his life at all. He looks fed up and in pain. It looks; he laughed a long time back. He looks suffering a lot of problems and obstacles in his life.

Auditing Theory and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Auditing Theory and Practice - Essay Example They also provide details of safeguards against them. If only threats to the ethics are explained and solutions to them are not given to auditors, then they will get frustrated in complying with the regulations. Safeguards are auditor friendly in the sense they provide them different course of actions in case of non-compliance. This helps the auditors to protect their commercial interest (Miettinen, 2008). The objective of the international auditing standards is to standardize the audit procedures on a global basis. This is as per the need of the time because multi-nationals are expanding. The concept of trans-national auditing has also increased. The International Auditing and Assurance Board have presented more than 25 Auditing standards. The standards cover the topic from the stage of selection of the audit client to the stage of the issuance of the Audit report. The standards cover risks and procedures to identify them. Now, IAASB has presented more clarified auditing standards. The standards provide their objectives, the requirement to fulfill the objective and application material to enhance the understanding of the users. IAASB calls for feedback from different accounting bodies, which enhance the acceptability and usage of the standards. The Standards setting body have discussed the factors of quality audit. Each factor that contributes to quality is then explained in much depth. For example, if the staff’s quality is of importance to the audit quality then the quality of the competent staff is explained further. Although, the framework does not provide an exhaustive checklist of factors, but it facilitates auditors to a reasonable extent. The professional bodies have enacted a system of audits of the audit firms for the audits they have conducted. The firms are then rated for their quality. High rating makes it more probable for the audit firms to be selected by huge clients. Such audits of

Western philosophy Essay Example for Free

Western philosophy Essay Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. [1][2] Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. [3] In more casual speech, by extension, philosophy can refer to the most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group. [4] The word philosophy comes from the Ancient Greek (philosophia), which literally means love of wisdom. [5][6][7] The introduction of the terms philosopher and philosophy has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras. [8] Contents [hide] 1 Areas of inquiry 1. 1 Epistemology 1. 2 Logic 1. 3 Metaphysics 1. 4 Moral and political philosophy 1. 5 Aesthetics 1. 6 Specialized branches 2 History 2. 1 Ancient philosophy 2. 1. 1 Egypt and Babylon 2. 1. 2 Ancient Chinese 2. 1. 3 Ancient Graeco-Roman 2. 1. 4 Ancient Indian 2. 1. 5 Ancient Persian 2. 2 5th–16th centuries 2. 2. 1 Europe 2. 2. 1. 1 Medieval 2. 2. 1. 2 Renaissance 2. 2. 2 East Asia 2. 2. 3 India 2. 2. 4 Middle East 2. 3 17th–20th centuries 2. 3. 1 Early modern philosophy 2. 3. 2 19th-century philosophy 2. 3. 3 20th-century philosophy 3 Major traditions 3. 1 German idealism 3. 2 Pragmatism 3. 3 Phenomenology 3. 4 Existentialism 3. 5 Structuralism and post-structuralism 3. 6 The analytic tradition 4 Applied philosophy 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7. 1 Introductions 7. 2 Topical introductions 7. 3 Anthologies 7. 4 Reference works 8 External links Areas of inquiry Philosophy is divided into many sub-fields. These include epistemology, logic, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics. [9][10] Some of the major areas of study are considered individually below. Epistemology Main article: Epistemology Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge,[11] such as the relationships between truth, belief, and theories of justification. Skepticism is the position which questions the possibility of completely justifying any truth. The regress argument, a fundamental problem in epistemology, occurs when, in order to completely prove any statement P, its justification itself needs to be supported by another justification. This chain can do three possible options, all of which are unsatisfactory according to the Munchhausen trilemma. One option is infinitism, where this chain of justification can go on forever. Another option is foundationalism, where the chain of justifications eventually relies on basic beliefs or axioms that are left unproven. The last option, such as in coherentism, is making the chain circular so that a statement is included in its own chain of justification. Rationalism is the emphasis on reasoning as a source of knowledge. Empiricism is the emphasis on observational evidence via sensory experience over other evidence as the source of knowledge. Rationalism claims that every possible object of knowledge can be deduced from coherent premises without observation. Empiricism claims that at least some knowledge is only a matter of observation. For this, Empiricism often cites the concept of tabula rasa, where individuals are not born with mental content and that knowledge builds from experience or perception. Epistemological solipsism is the idea that the existence of the world outside the mind is an unresolvable question. Parmenides (fl. 500 BC) argued that it is impossible to doubt that thinking actually occurs. But thinking must have an object, therefore something beyond thinking really exists. Parmenides deduced that what really exists must have certain properties—for example, that it cannot come into existence or cease to exist, that it is a coherent whole, that it remains the same eternally (in fact, exists altogether outside time). This is known as the third man argument. Plato (427–347 BC) combined rationalism with a form of realism. The philosophers work is to consider being, and the essence (ousia) of things. But the characteristic of essences is that they are universal. The nature of a man, a triangle, a tree, applies to all men, all triangles, all trees. Plato argued that these essences are mind-independent forms, that humans (but particularly philosophers) can come to know by reason, and by ignoring the distractions of sense-perception. Modern rationalism begins with Descartes. Reflection on the nature of perceptual experience, as well as scientific discoveries in physiology and optics, led Descartes (and also Locke) to the view that we are directly aware of ideas, rather than objects. This view gave rise to three questions: Is an idea a true copy of the real thing that it represents? Sensation is not a direct interaction between bodily objects and our sense, but is a physiological process involving representation (for example, an image on the retina). Locke thought that a secondary quality such as a sensation of green could in no way resemble the arrangement of particles in matter that go to produce this sensation, although he thought that primary qualities such as shape, size, number, were really in objects. How can physical objects such as chairs and tables, or even physiological processes in the brain, give rise to mental items such as ideas? This is part of what became known as the mind-body problem. If all the contents of awareness are ideas, how can we know that anything exists apart from ideas? Descartes tried to address the last problem by reason. He began, echoing Parmenides, with a principle that he thought could not coherently be denied: I think, therefore I am (often given in his original Latin: Cogito ergo sum). From this principle, Descartes went on to construct a complete system of knowledge (which involves proving the existence of God, using, among other means, a version of the ontological argument). [12] His view that reason alone could yield substantial truths about reality strongly influenced those philosophers usually considered modern rationalists (such as Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, and Christian Wolff), while provoking criticism from other philosophers who have retrospectively come to be grouped together as empiricists. Logic Main article: Logic Logic is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. Arguments use either deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is when, given certain statements (called premises), other statements (called conclusions) are unavoidably implied. Rules of inferences from premises include the most popular method, modus ponens, where given â€Å"A† and â€Å"If A then B†, then â€Å"B† must be concluded. A common convention for a deductive argument is the syllogism. An argument is termed valid if its conclusion does indeed follow from its premises, whether the premises are true or not, while an argument is sound if its conclusion follows from premises that are true. Propositional logic uses premises that are propositions, which are declarations that are either true or false, while predicate logic uses more complex premises called formulae that contain variables. These can be assigned values or can be quantified as to when they apply with the universal quantifier (always apply) or the existential quantifier (applies at least once). Inductive reasoning makes conclusions or generalizations based on probabilistic reasoning. For example, if â€Å"90% of humans are right-handed† and â€Å"Joe is human† then â€Å"Joe is probably right-handed†. Fields in logic include mathematical logic (formal symbolic logic) and philosophical logic. Metaphysics Main article: Metaphysics. Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, such as existence, time, the relationship between mind and body, objects and their properties, wholes and their parts, events, processes, and causation. Traditional branches of metaphysics include cosmology, the study of the world in its entirety, and ontology, the study of being. Within metaphysics itself there are a wide range of differing philosophical theories. Idealism, for example, is the belief that reality is mentally constructed or otherwise immaterial while realism holds that reality, or at least some part of it, exists independently of the mind. Subjective idealism describes objects as no more than collections or bundles of sense data in the perceiver. The 18th century philosopher George Berkeley contended that existence is fundamentally tied to perception with the phrase Esse est aut percipi aut percipere or To be is to be perceived or to perceive. [13] In addition to the aforementioned views, however, there is also an ontological dichotomy within metaphysics between the concepts of particulars and universals as well. Particulars are those objects that are said to exist in space and time, as opposed to abstract objects, such as numbers. Universals are properties held by multiple particulars, such as redness or a gender. The type of existence, if any, of universals and abstract objects is an issue of serious debate within metaphysical philosophy. Realism is the philosophical position that universals do in fact exist, while nominalism is the negation, or denial of universals, abstract objects, or both. [14] Conceptualism holds that universals exist, but only within the minds perception. [15] The question of whether or not existence is a predicate has been discussed since the Early Modern period. Essence is the set of attributes that make an object what it fundamentally is and without which it loses its identity. Essence is contrasted with accident: a property that the substance has contingently, without which the substance can still retain its identity. Moral and political philosophy Ethics, or moral philosophy, is concerned primarily with the question of the best way to live, and secondarily, concerning the question of whether this question can be answered. The main branches of ethics are meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Meta-ethics concerns the nature of ethical thought, such as the origins of the words good and bad, and origins of other comparative words of various ethical systems, whether there are absolute ethical truths, and how such truths could be known. Normative ethics are more concerned with the questions of how one ought to act, and what the right course of action is. This is where most ethical theories are generated. Lastly, applied ethics go beyond theory and step into real world ethical practice, such as questions of whether or not abortion is correct. Ethics is also associated with the idea of morality, and the two are often interchangeable. One debate that has commanded the attention of ethicists in the modern era has been between consequentialism (actions are to be morally evaluated solely by their consequences) and deontology (actions are to be morally evaluated solely by consideration of agents duties, the rights of those whom the action concerns, or both). Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are famous for propagating utilitarianism, which is the idea that the fundamental moral rule is to strive toward the greatest happiness for the greatest number. However, in promoting this idea they also necessarily promoted the broader doctrine of consequentialism. Adopting a position opposed to consequentialism, Immanuel Kant argued that moral principles were simply products of reason. Kant believed that the incorporation of consequences into moral deliberation was a deep mistake, since it denies the necessity of practical maxims in governing the working of the will. According to Kant, reason requires that we conform our actions to the categorical imperative, which is an absolute duty. An important 20th-century deontologist, W. D. Ross, argued for weaker forms of duties called prima facie duties. More recent works have emphasized the role of character in ethics, a movement known as the aretaic turn (that is, the turn towards virtues). One strain of this movement followed the work of Bernard Williams. Williams noted that rigid forms of consequentialism and deontology demanded that people behave impartially. This, Williams argued, requires that people abandon their personal projects, and hence their personal integrity, in order to be considered moral. G. E. M. Anscombe, in an influential paper, Modern Moral Philosophy (1958), revived virtue ethics as an alternative to what was seen as the entrenched positions of Kantianism and consequentialism. Aretaic perspectives have been inspired in part by research of ancient conceptions of virtue. For example, Aristotles ethics demands that people follow the Aristotelian mean, or balance between two vices; and Confucian ethics argues that virtue consists largely in striving for harmony with other people. Virtue ethics in general has since gained many adherents, and has been defended by such philosophers as Philippa Foot, Alasdair MacIntyre, and Rosalind Hursthouse. Political philosophy is the study of government and the relationship of individuals (or families and clans) to communities including the state. It includes questions about justice, law, property, and the rights and obligations of the citizen. Politics and ethics are traditionally inter-linked subjects, as both discuss the question of what is good and how people should live. From ancient times, and well beyond them, the roots of justification for political authority were inescapably tied to outlooks on human nature. In The Republic, Plato presented the argument that the ideal society would be run by a council of philosopher-kings, since those best at philosophy are best able to realize the good. Even Plato, however, required philosophers to make their way in the world for many years before beginning their rule at the age of fifty. For Aristotle, humans are political animals (i. e. social animals), and governments are set up to pursue good for the community. Aristotle reasoned that, since the state (polis) was the highest form of community, it has the purpose of pursuing the highest good. Aristotle viewed political power as the result of natural inequalities in skill and virtue. Because of these differences, he favored an aristocracy of the able and virtuous. For Aristotle, the person cannot be complete unless he or she lives in a community. His The Nicomachean Ethics and The Politics are meant to be read in that order. The first book addresses virtues (or excellences) in the person as a citizen; the second addresses the proper form of government to ensure that citizens will be virtuous, and therefore complete. Both books deal with the essential role of justice in civic life. Nicolas of Cusa rekindled Platonic thought in the early 15th century. He promoted democracy in Medieval Europe, both in his writings and in his organization of the Council of Florence. Unlike Aristotle and the Hobbesian tradition to follow, Cusa saw human beings as equal and divine (that is, made in Gods image), so democracy would be the only just form of government. Cusas views are credited by some as sparking the Italian Renaissance, which gave rise to the notion of Nation-States. Later, Niccolo Machiavelli rejected the views of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas as unrealistic. The ideal sovereign is not the embodiment of the moral virtues; rather the sovereign does whatever is successful and necessary, rather than what is morally praiseworthy. Thomas Hobbes also contested many elements of Aristotles views. For Hobbes, human nature is essentially anti-social: people are essentially egoistic, and this egoism makes life difficult in the natural state of things. Moreover, Hobbes argued, though people may have natural inequalities, these are trivial, since no particular talents or virtues that people may have will make them safe from harm inflicted by others. For these reasons, Hobbes concluded that the state arises from a common agreement to raise the community out of the state of nature. This can only be done by the establishment of a sovereign, in which (or whom) is vested complete control over the community, and is able to inspire awe and terror in its subjects. [16] Many in the Enlightenment were unsatisfied with existing doctrines in political philosophy, which seemed to marginalize or neglect the possibility of a democratic state. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was among those who attempted to overturn these doctrines: he responded to Hobbes by claiming that a human is by nature a kind of noble savage, and that society and social contracts corrupt this nature. Another critic was John Locke. In Second Treatise on Government he agreed with Hobbes that the nation-state was an efficient tool for raising humanity out of a deplorable state, but he argued that the sovereign might become an abominable institution compared to the relatively benign unmodulated state of nature. [17] Following the doctrine of the fact-value distinction, due in part to the influence of David Hume and his student Adam Smith, appeals to human nature for political justification were weakened. Nevertheless, many political philosophers, especially moral realists, still make use of some essential human nature as a basis for their arguments. Marxism is derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Their idea that capitalism is based on exploitation of workers and causes alienation of people from their human nature, the historical materialism, their view of social classes, etc. , have influenced many fields of study, such as sociology, economics, and politics. Marxism inspired the Marxist school of communism, which brought a huge impact on the history of the 20th century. Aesthetics Main article: Aesthetics Aesthetics deals with beauty, art, enjoyment, sensory-emotional values, perception, and matters of taste and sentiment. Specialized branches. Philosophy of language explores the nature, the origins, and the use of language. Philosophy of law (often called jurisprudence) explores the varying theories explaining the nature and the interpretations of the law in society. Philosophy of mind explores the nature of the mind, and its relationship to the body, and is typified by disputes between dualism and materialism. In recent years there has been increasing similarity between this branch of philosophy and cognitive science. Philosophy of religion Philosophy of science Metaphilosophy Many academic disciplines have also generated philosophical inquiry. These include history, logic, and mathematics. History Main article: History of philosophy See also: Western philosophy, Eastern philosophy, and History of Western philosophy Further information: Philosophical progress Many societies have considered philosophical questions and built philosophical traditions based upon each others works. Eastern philosophy is organized by the chronological periods of each region. Historians of western philosophy usually divide the subject into three or more periods, the most important being ancient philosophy, medieval philosophy, and modern philosophy. [18] Ancient philosophy Main article: Ancient philosophy Egypt and Babylon Further information: Babylonian literature: Philosophy and Ancient Egyptian philosophy Main article: African philosophy There are authors who date the philosophical maxims of Ptahhotep before the 25th century. For instance, Pulitzer Prize winning historian Will Durant dates these writings as early as 2880 BCE within The Story of Civilization: Our Oriental History. Durant claims that Ptahhotep could be considered the very first philosopher in virtue of having the earliest and surviving fragments of moral philosophy (i. e., The Maxims of Ptah-Hotep). [19][20] Ptahhoteps grandson, Ptahhotep Tshefi, is traditionally credited with being the author of the collection of wise sayings known as The Maxims of Ptahhotep,[21] whose opening lines attribute authorship to the vizier Ptahhotep: Instruction of the Mayor of the city, the Vizier Ptahhotep, under the Majesty of King Isesi. The origins of Babylonian philosophy can be traced back to the wisdom of early Mesopotamia, which embodied certain philosophies of life, particularly ethics, in the forms of dialectic, dialogues, epic poetry, folklore, hymns, lyrics, prose, and proverbs. The reasoning and rationality of the Babylonians developed beyond empirical observation. [22] The Babylonian text Dialog of Pessimism contains similarities to the agnostic thought of the sophists, the Heraclitean doctrine of contrasts, and the dialogues of Plato, as well as a precursor to the maieutic Socratic method of Socrates and Plato. [23] The Milesian philosopher Thales is also traditionally said to have studied philosophy in Mesopotamia. Ancient Chinese Philosophy has had a tremendous effect on Chinese civilization, and throughout East Asia. The majority of Chinese philosophy originates in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States era, during a period known as the Hundred Schools of Thought,[24] which was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments. [24] It was during this era that the major philosophies of China, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, and Taoism, arose, along with philosophies that later fell into obscurity, like Agriculturalism, Chinese Naturalism, and the Logicians. Of the many philosophical schools of China, only Confucianism and Taoism existed after the Qin Dynasty suppressed any Chinese philosophy that was opposed to Legalism. Confucianism is humanistic,[25] philosophy that believes that human beings are teachable, improvable and perfectible through personal and communal endeavour especially including self-cultivation and self-creation. Confucianism focuses on the cultivation of virtue and maintenance of ethics, the most basic of which are ren, yi, and li. [26] Ren is an obligation of altruism and humaneness for other individuals within a community, yi is the upholding of righteousness and the moral disposition to do good, and li is a system of norms and propriety that determines how a person should properly act within a community. [26] Taoism focuses on establishing harmony with the Tao, which is origin of and the totality of everything that exists. The word Tao (or Dao, depending on the romanization scheme) is usually translated as way, path or principle. Taoist propriety and ethics emphasize the Three Jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation, and humility, while Taoist thought generally focuses on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos ( ); health and longevity; and wu wei, action through inaction. Harmony with the Universe, or the origin of it through the Tao, is the intended result of many Taoist rules and practices. Ancient Graeco-Roman Ancient Graeco-Roman philosophy is a period of Western philosophy, starting in the 6th century [c. 585] BC to the 6th century AD. It is usually divided into three periods: the pre-Socratic period, the period of Plato and Aristotle, and the post-Aristotelian (or Hellenistic) period. A fourth period that is sometimes added includes the Neoplatonic and Christian philosophers of Late Antiquity. The most important of the ancient philosophers (in terms of subsequent influence) are Plato and Aristotle. [27] Plato specifically, is credited as the founder of Western philosophy. The philosopher Alfred North Whitehead said of Plato: The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. I do not mean the systematic scheme of thought which scholars have doubtfully extracted from his writings. I allude to the wealth of general ideas scattered through them. [28] The main subjects of ancient philosophy are: understanding the fundamental causes and principles of the universe; explaining it in an economical way; the epistemological problem of reconciling the diversity and change of the natural universe, with the possibility of obtaining fixed and certain knowledge about it; questions about things that cannot be perceived by the senses, such as numbers, elements, universals, and gods. Socrates is said to have been the initiator of more focused study upon the human things including the analysis of patterns of reasoning and argument and the nature of the good life and the importance of understanding and knowledge in order to pursue it; the explication of the concept of justice, and its relation to various political systems. [27] In this period the crucial features of the Western philosophical method were established: a critical approach to received or established views, and the appeal to reason and argumentation. This includes Socrates dialectic method of inquiry, known as the Socratic method or method of elenchus, which he largely applied to the examination of key moral concepts such as the Good and Justice. To solve a problem, it would be broken down into a series of questions, the answers to which gradually distill the answer a person would seek. The influence of this approach is most strongly felt today in the use of the scientific method, in which hypothesis is the first stage. Ancient Indian Main article: Indian philosophy. Further information: Hindu philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, Jain philosophy, and Upanishads The term Indian philosophy (Sanskrit: Darshanas), refers to any of several schools of philosophical thought that originated in the Indian subcontinent, including Hindu philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, and Jain philosophy. Having the same or rather intertwined origins, all of these philosophies have a common underlying themes of Dharma and Karma, and similarly attempt to explain the attainment of emancipation. They have been formalized and promulgated chiefly between 1000 BC to a few centuries AD. Indias philosophical tradition dates back to the composition of the Upanisads[29] in the later Vedic period (c. 1000-500 BCE). Subsequent schools (Skt: Darshanas) of Indian philosophy were identified as orthodox (Skt: astika) or non-orthodox (Skt: nastika) depending on whether they regarded the Vedas as an infallible source of knowledge. [30] By some classifications, there are six schools of orthodox Hindu philosophy and three heterodox schools. The orthodox are Nyaya, Vaisesika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva mimamsa and Vedanta. The Heterodox are Jain, Buddhist and materialist (Carvaka). Other classifications also include Pashupata, Saiva, Rasesvara and Pa? ini Darsana with the other orthodox schools. [31] Competition and integration between the various schools was intense during their formative years, especially between 500 BC to 200 AD. Some like the Jain, Buddhist, Shaiva and Vedanta schools survived, while others like Samkhya and Ajivika did not, either being assimilated or going extinct. The Sanskrit term for philosopher is darsanika, one who is familiar with the systems of philosophy, or darsanas. [32] In the history of the Indian subcontinent, following the establishment of a Vedic culture, the development of philosophical and religious thought over a period of two millennia gave rise to what came to be called the six schools of astika, or orthodox, Indian or Hindu philosophy. These schools have come to be synonymous with the greater religion of Hinduism, which was a development of the early Vedic religion. Ancient Persian Main article: Iranian philosophy Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts, with their ancient Indo-Iranian roots. These were considerably influenced by Zarathustras teachings. Throughout Iranian history and due to remarkable political and social influences such as the Macedonian, the Arab, and the Mongol invasions of Persia, a wide spectrum of schools of thought arose. These espoused a variety of views on philosophical questions, extending from Old Iranian and mainly Zoroastrianism-influenced traditions to schools appearing in the late pre-Islamic era, such as Manicheism and Mazdakism, as well as various post-Islamic schools. Iranian philosophy after Arab invasion of Persia is characterized by different interactions with the old Iranian philosophy, the Greek philosophy and with the development of Islamic philosophy. Illuminationism and the transcendent theosophy are regarded as two of the main philosophical traditions of that era in Persia. Zoroastrianism has been identified as one of the key early events in the development of philosophy. [33] 5th–16th centuries Europe Medieval. Medieval philosophy is the philosophy of Western Europe and the Middle East during the Middle Ages, roughly extending from the Christianization of the Roman Empire until the Renaissance. [34] Medieval philosophy is defined partly by the rediscovery and further development of classical Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, and partly by the need to address theological problems and to integrate the then widespread sacred doctrines of Abrahamic religion (Islam, Judaism, and Christianity) with secular learning. The history of western European medieval philosophy is traditionally divided into two main periods: the period in the Latin West following the Early Middle Ages until the 12th century, when the works of Aristotle and Plato were preserved and cultivated; and the golden age[citation needed] of the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries in the Latin West, which witnessed the culmination of the recovery of ancient philosophy, and significant developments in the field of philosophy of religion, logic and metaphysics. The medieval era was disparagingly treated by the Renaissance humanists, who saw it as a barbaric middle period between the classical age of Greek and Roman culture, and the rebirth or renaissance of classical culture. Yet this period of nearly a thousand years was the longest period of philosophical development in Europe, and possibly the richest. Jorge Gracia has argued that in intensity, sophistication, and achievement, the philosophical flowering in the thirteenth century could be rightly said to rival the golden age of Greek philosophy in the fourth century B. C. [35] Some problems discussed throughout this period are the relation of faith to reason, the existence and unity of God, the object of theology and metaphysics, the problems of knowledge, of universals, and of individuation. Philosophers from the Middle Ages include the Christian philosophers Augustine of Hippo, Boethius, Anselm, Gilbert of Poitiers, Peter Abelard, Roger Bacon, Bonaventure, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham and Jean Buridan; the Jewish philosophers Maimonides and Gersonides; and the Muslim philosophers Alkindus, Alfarabi, Alhazen, Avicenna, Algazel, Avempace, Abubacer, Ibn Khaldun, and Averroes. The medieval tradition of Scholasticism continued to flourish as late as the 17th century, in figures such as Francisco Suarez and John of St. Thomas. Aquinas, father of Thomism, was immensely influential in Catholic Europe, placed a great emphasis on reason and argumentation, and was one of the first to use the new translation of Aristotles metaphysical and epistemological writing. His work was a significant departure from the Neoplatonic and Augustinian thinking that had dominated much of early Scholasticism. Renaissance The Renaissance (rebirth) was a period of transition between the Middle Ages and modern thought,[36] in which the recovery of classical texts helped shift philosophical interests away from technical studies in logic, metaphysics, and theology towards eclectic inquiries into morality, philology, and mysticism. [37][38] The study of the classics and the humane arts generally, such as history and literature, enjoyed a scholarly interest hitherto unknown in Christendom, a tendency referred to as humanism. [39][40] Displacing the medieval interest in metaphysics and logic, the humanists followed Petrarch in making man and his virtues the focus of philosophy. [41][42] The study of classical philosophy also developed in two new ways. On the one hand, the study of Aristotle was changed through the influence of Averroism. The disagreements between these Averroist Aristotelians, and more orthodox catholic Aristotelians such as Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas eventually contributed to the development of a humanist Aristotelianism developed in the Renaissance, as exemplified in the thought of Pietro Pomponazzi and Giacomo Zabarella. Secondly, as an alternative to Aristotle, the study of Plato and the Neoplatonists became common. This was assisted by the rediscovery of works which had not been well known previously in Western Europe. Notable Renaissance Platonists include Nicholas of Cusa, and later Marsilio Ficino and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. [42] The Renaissance also renewed interest in anti-.